SQL Join Query Engine

In this tutorial, we show you how to use our SQLJoinQueryEngine.

This query engine allows you to combine insights from your structured tables with your unstructured data. It first decides whether to query your structured tables for insights. Once it does, it can then infer a corresponding query to the vector store in order to fetch corresponding documents.

Setup

If you’re opening this Notebook on colab, you will probably need to install LlamaIndex 🦙.

!pip install llama-index

# NOTE: This is ONLY necessary in jupyter notebook.
# Details: Jupyter runs an event-loop behind the scenes.
#          This results in nested event-loops when we start an event-loop to make async queries.
#          This is normally not allowed, we use nest_asyncio to allow it for convenience.
import nest_asyncio

nest_asyncio.apply()

import logging
import sys

logging.basicConfig(stream=sys.stdout, level=logging.INFO)
logging.getLogger().addHandler(logging.StreamHandler(stream=sys.stdout))

from llama_index import (
    VectorStoreIndex,
    SimpleDirectoryReader,
    ServiceContext,
    StorageContext,
    SQLDatabase,
    WikipediaReader,
)

INFO:numexpr.utils:Note: NumExpr detected 12 cores but "NUMEXPR_MAX_THREADS" not set, so enforcing safe limit of 8.
Note: NumExpr detected 12 cores but "NUMEXPR_MAX_THREADS" not set, so enforcing safe limit of 8.
INFO:numexpr.utils:NumExpr defaulting to 8 threads.
NumExpr defaulting to 8 threads.

Create Common Objects

This includes a ServiceContext object containing abstractions such as the LLM and chunk size. This also includes a StorageContext object containing our vector store abstractions.

# # define pinecone index
# import pinecone
# import os

# api_key = os.environ['PINECONE_API_KEY']
# pinecone.init(api_key=api_key, environment="us-west1-gcp")

# # dimensions are for text-embedding-ada-002
# # pinecone.create_index("quickstart", dimension=1536, metric="euclidean", pod_type="p1")
# pinecone_index = pinecone.Index("quickstart")

# # OPTIONAL: delete all
# pinecone_index.delete(deleteAll=True)

from llama_index import ServiceContext
from llama_index.storage import StorageContext
from llama_index.vector_stores import PineconeVectorStore
from llama_index.node_parser import TokenTextSplitter
from llama_index.llms import OpenAI

# define node parser and LLM
chunk_size = 1024
llm = OpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-4", streaming=True)
service_context = ServiceContext.from_defaults(chunk_size=chunk_size, llm=llm)
node_parser = TokenTextSplitter(chunk_size=chunk_size)

# # define pinecone vector index
# vector_store = PineconeVectorStore(pinecone_index=pinecone_index, namespace='wiki_cities')
# storage_context = StorageContext.from_defaults(vector_store=vector_store)
# vector_index = VectorStoreIndex([], storage_context=storage_context)

Create Database Schema + Test Data

Here we introduce a toy scenario where there are 100 tables (too big to fit into the prompt)

from sqlalchemy import (
    create_engine,
    MetaData,
    Table,
    Column,
    String,
    Integer,
    select,
    column,
)

engine = create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:", future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

# create city SQL table
table_name = "city_stats"
city_stats_table = Table(
    table_name,
    metadata_obj,
    Column("city_name", String(16), primary_key=True),
    Column("population", Integer),
    Column("country", String(16), nullable=False),
)

metadata_obj.create_all(engine)

# print tables
metadata_obj.tables.keys()

dict_keys(['city_stats'])

We introduce some test data into the city_stats table

from sqlalchemy import insert

rows = [
    {"city_name": "Toronto", "population": 2930000, "country": "Canada"},
    {"city_name": "Tokyo", "population": 13960000, "country": "Japan"},
    {"city_name": "Berlin", "population": 3645000, "country": "Germany"},
]
for row in rows:
    stmt = insert(city_stats_table).values(**row)
    with engine.begin() as connection:
        cursor = connection.execute(stmt)

with engine.connect() as connection:
    cursor = connection.exec_driver_sql("SELECT * FROM city_stats")
    print(cursor.fetchall())

[('Toronto', 2930000, 'Canada'), ('Tokyo', 13960000, 'Japan'), ('Berlin', 3645000, 'Germany')]

Load Data

We first show how to convert a Document into a set of Nodes, and insert into a DocumentStore.

# install wikipedia python package
!pip install wikipedia

Requirement already satisfied: wikipedia in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (1.4.0)
Requirement already satisfied: beautifulsoup4 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from wikipedia) (4.12.2)
Requirement already satisfied: requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from wikipedia) (2.28.2)
Requirement already satisfied: certifi>=2017.4.17 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (2022.12.7)
Requirement already satisfied: charset-normalizer<4,>=2 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (3.1.0)
Requirement already satisfied: idna<4,>=2.5 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (3.4)
Requirement already satisfied: urllib3<1.27,>=1.21.1 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from requests<3.0.0,>=2.0.0->wikipedia) (1.26.15)
Requirement already satisfied: soupsieve>1.2 in /Users/jerryliu/Programming/gpt_index/.venv/lib/python3.10/site-packages (from beautifulsoup4->wikipedia) (2.4.1)

[notice] A new release of pip available: 22.3.1 -> 23.1.2
[notice] To update, run: pip install --upgrade pip

cities = ["Toronto", "Berlin", "Tokyo"]
wiki_docs = WikipediaReader().load_data(pages=cities)

Build SQL Index

sql_database = SQLDatabase(engine, include_tables=["city_stats"])

Build Vector Index

# Insert documents into vector index
# Each document has metadata of the city attached

vector_indices = {}
vector_query_engines = {}

for city, wiki_doc in zip(cities, wiki_docs):
    vector_index = VectorStoreIndex.from_documents([wiki_doc])
    query_engine = vector_index.as_query_engine(similarity_top_k=2)
    vector_indices[city] = vector_index
    vector_query_engines[city] = query_engine

Define Query Engines, Set as Tools

from llama_index.query_engine import SQLJoinQueryEngine, RetrieverQueryEngine
from llama_index.tools.query_engine import QueryEngineTool
from llama_index.tools import ToolMetadata
from llama_index.indices.vector_store import VectorIndexAutoRetriever
from llama_index.query_engine import SubQuestionQueryEngine
from llama_index.indices.struct_store.sql_query import NLSQLTableQueryEngine

sql_query_engine = NLSQLTableQueryEngine(
    sql_database=sql_database,
    tables=["city_stats"],
)

from llama_index.query_engine import SubQuestionQueryEngine

query_engine_tools = []
for city in cities:
    query_engine = vector_query_engines[city]

    query_engine_tool = QueryEngineTool(
        query_engine=query_engine,
        metadata=ToolMetadata(
            name=city, description=f"Provides information about {city}"
        ),
    )
    query_engine_tools.append(query_engine_tool)


s_engine = SubQuestionQueryEngine.from_defaults(
    query_engine_tools=query_engine_tools
)

# from llama_index.indices.vector_store.retrievers import VectorIndexAutoRetriever
# from llama_index.vector_stores.types import MetadataInfo, VectorStoreInfo
# from llama_index.query_engine.retriever_query_engine import RetrieverQueryEngine


# vector_store_info = VectorStoreInfo(
#     content_info='articles about different cities',
#     metadata_info=[
#         MetadataInfo(
#             name='title',
#             type='str',
#             description='The name of the city'),
#     ]
# )
# vector_auto_retriever = VectorIndexAutoRetriever(vector_index, vector_store_info=vector_store_info)

# retriever_query_engine = RetrieverQueryEngine.from_args(
#     vector_auto_retriever, service_context=service_context
# )

sql_tool = QueryEngineTool.from_defaults(
    query_engine=sql_query_engine,
    description=(
        "Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over"
        " a table containing: city_stats, containing the population/country of"
        " each city"
    ),
)
s_engine_tool = QueryEngineTool.from_defaults(
    query_engine=s_engine,
    description=(
        f"Useful for answering semantic questions about different cities"
    ),
)

Define SQLJoinQueryEngine

query_engine = SQLJoinQueryEngine(
    sql_tool, s_engine_tool, service_context=service_context
)

response = query_engine.query(
    "Tell me about the arts and culture of the city with the highest"
    " population"
)

Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.indices.struct_store.sql_query:> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
SQL query: SELECT city_name, population FROM city_stats ORDER BY population DESC LIMIT 1;
SQL response: 
Tokyo is the city with the highest population, with 13.96 million people. It is a vibrant city with a rich culture and a wide variety of art forms. From traditional Japanese art such as calligraphy and woodblock prints to modern art galleries and museums, Tokyo has something for everyone. There are also many festivals and events throughout the year that celebrate the city's culture and art.
Transformed query given SQL response: What are some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Transformed query given SQL response: What are some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
> Transformed query given SQL response: What are some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
Generated 3 sub questions.
[Tokyo] Q: What are some specific cultural festivals in Tokyo?
[Tokyo] Q: What are some specific events in Tokyo?
[Tokyo] Q: What are some notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo?
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3069 request_id=eb3df12fea7d51eb93300180480dc90b response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3069 request_id=eb3df12fea7d51eb93300180480dc90b response_code=200
[Tokyo] A: 
Some specific cultural festivals in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, and Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3530 request_id=ae31aacec5e68590b9cc4a63ee97b66a response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=3530 request_id=ae31aacec5e68590b9cc4a63ee97b66a response_code=200
[Tokyo] A: 
Some specific events in Tokyo include the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, and various international academic and scientific research collaborations.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5355 request_id=81bff9133777221cde8d15d58134ee8f response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5355 request_id=81bff9133777221cde8d15d58134ee8f response_code=200
[Tokyo] A: 
Some notable art galleries and museums in Tokyo include the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
query engine response: 
Some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, various international academic and scientific research collaborations, the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> query engine response: 
Some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, various international academic and scientific research collaborations, the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
> query engine response: 
Some specific cultural festivals, events, and notable art galleries or museums in Tokyo include the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River, picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden, Harajuku's youth style, fashion and cosplay, the 1964 Summer Olympics, the October 2011 artistic gymnastics world championships, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan), the Asian Network of Major Cities 21, the Council of Local Authorities for International Relations, the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group, various international academic and scientific research collaborations, the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center.
Final response: Tokyo, the city with the highest population of 13.96 million people, is known for its vibrant culture and diverse art forms. It hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events such as the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, and the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River. Residents and visitors often enjoy picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. Harajuku's youth style, fashion, and cosplay are also notable cultural aspects of Tokyo. The city has hosted several international events including the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). 

In terms of art, Tokyo is home to numerous galleries and museums. These include the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center. These institutions showcase everything from traditional Japanese art such as calligraphy and woodblock prints to modern art and scientific innovations.

print(str(response))

Tokyo, the city with the highest population of 13.96 million people, is known for its vibrant culture and diverse art forms. It hosts a variety of cultural festivals and events such as the Sannō at Hie Shrine, the Sanja at Asakusa Shrine, the biennial Kanda Festivals, and the annual fireworks display over the Sumida River. Residents and visitors often enjoy picnics under the cherry blossoms in Ueno Park, Inokashira Park, and the Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. Harajuku's youth style, fashion, and cosplay are also notable cultural aspects of Tokyo. The city has hosted several international events including the 1964 Summer Olympics, the 2019 Rugby World Cup, and the 2020 Summer Olympics and Paralympics (rescheduled to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic). 

In terms of art, Tokyo is home to numerous galleries and museums. These include the Tokyo National Museum, the National Museum of Western Art, the Nezu Museum, the National Diet Library, the National Archives, the National Museum of Modern Art, the New National Theater Tokyo, the Edo-Tokyo Museum, the National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation, and the Studio Ghibli anime center. These institutions showcase everything from traditional Japanese art such as calligraphy and woodblock prints to modern art and scientific innovations.

response = query_engine.query(
    "Compare and contrast the demographics of Berlin and Toronto"
)

Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
> Querying SQL database: Useful for translating a natural language query into a SQL query over a table containing city_stats, containing the population/country of each city
INFO:llama_index.indices.struct_store.sql_query:> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
> Table desc str: Table 'city_stats' has columns: city_name (VARCHAR(16)), population (INTEGER), country (VARCHAR(16)) and foreign keys: .
SQL query: SELECT city_name, population, country FROM city_stats WHERE city_name IN ('Berlin', 'Toronto');
SQL response:  Berlin and Toronto are both major cities with large populations. Berlin has a population of 3.6 million people and is located in Germany, while Toronto has a population of 2.9 million people and is located in Canada.
Transformed query given SQL response: What are the age, gender, and ethnic breakdowns of the populations in Berlin and Toronto?
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> Transformed query given SQL response: What are the age, gender, and ethnic breakdowns of the populations in Berlin and Toronto?
> Transformed query given SQL response: What are the age, gender, and ethnic breakdowns of the populations in Berlin and Toronto?
Generated 6 sub questions.
[Berlin] Q: What is the age breakdown of the population in Berlin?
[Berlin] Q: What is the gender breakdown of the population in Berlin?
[Berlin] Q: What is the ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin?
[Toronto] Q: What is the age breakdown of the population in Toronto?
[Toronto] Q: What is the gender breakdown of the population in Toronto?
[Toronto] Q: What is the ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto?
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=934 request_id=b6a654edffcb5a12aa8dac775e0342e2 response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=934 request_id=b6a654edffcb5a12aa8dac775e0342e2 response_code=200
[Berlin] A: 
It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=1248 request_id=c3023af7adbb1018a483467bba6de168 response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=1248 request_id=c3023af7adbb1018a483467bba6de168 response_code=200
[Toronto] A: 
The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=2524 request_id=3a00900922f785b709db15420d83205b response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=2524 request_id=3a00900922f785b709db15420d83205b response_code=200
[Berlin] A: 
It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4415 request_id=273aa88ce1189e6f09a7d492dd08490a response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4415 request_id=273aa88ce1189e6f09a7d492dd08490a response_code=200
[Toronto] A: 
The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4960 request_id=4cb35c8f2cd448297321211f8e7ab19e response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=4960 request_id=4cb35c8f2cd448297321211f8e7ab19e response_code=200
[Berlin] A: 
The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.
INFO:openai:message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5783 request_id=5293a02bb62560654072ab8cc3235663 response_code=200
message='OpenAI API response' path=https://api.openai.com/v1/completions processing_ms=5783 request_id=5293a02bb62560654072ab8cc3235663 response_code=200
[Toronto] A: 
The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
query engine response: 
Berlin:
Age breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Gender breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.

Toronto:
Age breakdown: The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Gender breakdown: The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
INFO:llama_index.query_engine.sql_join_query_engine:> query engine response: 
Berlin:
Age breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Gender breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.

Toronto:
Age breakdown: The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Gender breakdown: The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
> query engine response: 
Berlin:
Age breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Gender breakdown: It is not possible to answer this question with the given context information.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian.

Toronto:
Age breakdown: The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Gender breakdown: The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female. Women outnumber men in all age groups 15 and older.
Ethnic breakdown: The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).
Final response: Berlin and Toronto are both major cities with large populations. Berlin, located in Germany, has a population of 3.6 million people. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian. Unfortunately, the age and gender breakdowns for Berlin are not available.

On the other hand, Toronto, located in Canada, has a population of 2.9 million people. The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female, with women outnumbering men in all age groups 15 and older. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).

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Berlin and Toronto are both major cities with large populations. Berlin, located in Germany, has a population of 3.6 million people. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Berlin is primarily German, Turkish, Polish, English, Persian, Arabic, Italian, Bulgarian, Russian, Romanian, Kurdish, Serbo-Croatian, French, Spanish, Vietnamese, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Indian, Bosnian, American, Ukrainian, Chinese, Austrian, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian and Syrian. Unfortunately, the age and gender breakdowns for Berlin are not available.

On the other hand, Toronto, located in Canada, has a population of 2.9 million people. The median age of the population in Toronto is 39.3 years. Persons aged 14 years and under make up 14.5 per cent of the population, and those aged 65 years and over make up 15.6 per cent. The gender population of Toronto is 48 per cent male and 52 per cent female, with women outnumbering men in all age groups 15 and older. The ethnic breakdown of the population in Toronto in 2016 was: European (47.9%), Asian (including Middle-Eastern – 40.1%), African (5.5%), Latin/Central/South American (4.2%), and North American aboriginal (1.2%). The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan at 12.6%), East Asian (Chinese at 12.5%), and Black (8.9%).